Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh 12

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1. Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Anh
2. BAØI MÔÛ ÑAÀU ÑOÄNG TÖØ VERB Ñoäng töø ñöôïc duøng ñeå laøm haønh ñoäng cho chuû töø. Ñeå phaân bieät caùc loaïi ñoäng tötötöøtö (kinds of verbs), chuùng ta haõy quan saùt sô ñoà döôùi ñaây: Auxiliary verb : (do, have, be) Special verb : Modal verb : (must, can, may, might, could, should ) Verb : Regular verb : (open, close, clean, remember ) Ordinary verb : Irregular verb : (run, write, speak, drive ) Ñoäng töø tieáng Anh coù hai loaïi: ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät (special verb) vaø ñoäng töø thöôøng (ordinary verb). (1) Ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät goàm coù: * Ñoäng töø trôï (auxiliary verb) : bbeebe (duøng ñeå chia caùc thì tieáp dieãn, theå thuï ñoäng), have (duøng ñeå chia caùc thì hoaøn thaønh), ddoodo (duøng ñeå chia caùc theå phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán). - He is working hard this month. (thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn) - The house was built five years ago. (theå thuï ñoäng) - He has learned English for two years. (thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh) - Do you like tea ? (theå nghi vaán) - She does not like coffee. (theå phuû ñònh) * Ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát (modal verb) : caàn phaûi coù ñoäng theo sau. - We must study hard. - He can play the piano. Ñaëc ñieåm chung cuûa caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät laø khi ñoåi sang theå phuû ñònh ta chæ caàn theâm NOT vaøo sau caùc ñoäng töø ñoù vaø khi ñoåi sang theå nghi vaán ta ñöa caùc ñoäng töø ñoù ra ñaàu caâu. - He is not working hard this month. - Is he working hard this month ? - He has not found his book. - Have you seen her yet ? - She cannot swim. - Should we go there ? (2) Ñoäng töø thöôøng goàm coù : 1
3. * Ñoäng töø coù qui taéc (regular verb) : laø ñoäng töø khi thaønh laäp thì quaù khöù ñôn (simple past) hay quaù khöù phaân töø (past paticiple) ta chæ caàn theâm –––ED–EEDDED vaøo sau ñoäng töø ñoù. - I opened the door this morning. (simple past ) - I have opened the door. (past participle) * Ñoäng töø baát qui taéc (irregular verb) : laø ñoäng töø coù hình thöùc quaù khöù (xem coät 2 cuûa baûng ñoäng töø baát qui taéc) vaø quaù khöù phaân töø (xem coät 3) rieâng. to go went gone to write wrote written to run ran run to hit hit hit - He went to the cinema last night. (simple past ) - He has gone out. (past participle) Ñoäng töø thöôøng coù chung ñaëc ñieåm laø khi ñoåi sang theå phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán ta phaûi duøng ñoäng töø trôï “to do”. Ta theâm NOT vaøo sau caùc ñoäng töø trôï ôû theå phuû ñònh vaø ñöa ñoäng töø trôï ra ñaàu caâu neáu ôû theå nghi vaán. - He did not go to the pub last night. - Did he go to the cinema last night ? - I do not like tea. - Do you enjoy classical music ? - She does not know the answer. - Does he understand the lesson ? * Ñoäng töø “to do” vöøa laø ñoäng töø thöôøng vöøa laø ñoäng töø trôï. - He does his homework. (ñoäng töø thöôøng) - He does not understand the lesson. (ñoäng töø trôï) 2
4. Baøi 1 ::: CAÙCH DUØNG CAÙC THÌ (THE USE OF TENSES) Thì bieåu thò thôøi gian vaø traïng thaùi cuûa haønh ñoäng ñöôïc dieãn ñaït baèng ñoäng töø. Coù 12 thì ôû daïng chuû ñoäng cuûa ñoäng töø tieáng Anh. Ñeå hieåu ñöôïc hình thaùi cuûa caùc thì, ta coù theå nghieân cöùu caùch chia ñoäng töø TO WORK trong baûng döôùi ñaây : Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous - III (You / We / - I am working - III (You / We / - III (You / We / Present They) work - He (She / It) isisis They) have worked They) have been - He ((She / It) working - HHeeHe (She / It) hhaasshas working works You ((We / They) worked - HHeeHe ( She / It) has are workinworkingggg been working Past I (You / He / - III (He / She / It) - III (You / He / She / I (You / He / She / She / It / We / was working It / We / They) hhaaddhad It / We / They) had They) worked - You (We / They) worked been working were working Future - III (We) shall - III (We) shall be - I (We) ssshallshall have - III (We) shall have work working worked been working - You (He / - You (He / She / It - You (He / She / it / - You (He / She / It / She / it / They) / They) will be They) will have They) will have will work working worked been working 1.111 SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PRESENT VAØ THÌ PRESENT CONTINUOUS Tieáng Anh coù hai thì hieän taïi maø ña soá caùc em hoïc sinh hay laãn loän caùch söû duïng. Ñoù laø thì hieän taïi ñôn (SimpleSimple PresentPresent) vaø thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn (PrePresentsent ContinuousContinuous). * Thì Simple Present ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng dieãn ra trong thôøi gian noùi chung, khoâng nhaát thieát phaûi laø thôøi gian ôû hieän taïi. Thôøi gian noùi chung laø thôøi gian maø söï vieäc dieãn ra moãi ngaøy ( every day ), moãi tuaàn ( every week ), moãi thaùng ( every month ), moãi naêm ( every year ), moãi muøa ( every spring / summer / autuautumnmmnnmn / winter) 3
5. - He goes to school every day. - Mrs Brown travels every summer. * Thì Present Continuous ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ñang xaûy ra (aaaa current activityactivity) hay moät söï vieäc chuùng ta ñang laøm baây giôø ( now/ at present/ at this mommomenteennttent ), hoâm nay ( today ), tuaàn naøy ( this week ), naêm nay ( this year ) - We are learning English now. - Mary is playing the piano at the moment. Haõy so saùnh : - I work in a bakery every day. - I’m working in a bakery this week. * CHUÙ YÙ : (1) + Thì Simple Present thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø chæ tri giaùc (verbs of perception) nhö : feel, see, hearhear vaø caùc ñoäng töø chæ traïng thaùithaùi nhö : know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe + Ngoaøi ra chuùng ta coøn duøng thì Simple Present vôùi ñoäng töø : be, appear, belong, have to + Thì Simple Present coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc traïng töøtöø chæ taàn suaát laäp ñi laäp laïi (adverbs of frequency) nhö : always, usually, often,often, sometimes, seldom, ggenerallenerally,y, rarely, never - That child needs care. - This book belongs to me. - He never comes late. + Chuùng ta cuõng duøng thì Simple Present ñeå chæ moät chaân lyù hay moät söï thaät hieån nhieân (a general truth). - The sun rises in the east. - Nothing isisis more precious than independence and freedom. (2) Thì Present Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ haønh ñoängñoäng ôû moät töông lai gaàn (a near future action) vaø thöôøng ñi vôùi caùc traïng töø chæ töông lai nhö : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer Exercise I : Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or the present continuous tense. 1/ I (have) ___ coffee for breakfast every day. 2/ My brother (work) ___ in a shoe store this summer. 3/ The student (look) ___ up that new word now. 4/ She (go) ___ to school every day. 5/ We (do) ___ this exercise at the moment. 4
6. 6/ Miss Helen (read) ___ a newspaper now. 7/ It (rain) ___ very much in the summer. It (rain) ___ now. 8/ Bad students never (work) ___ hard. 9/ He generally (sing) ___ in English, but today he (sing) ___ in Spanish. 10/ We seldom (eat) ___ before 6.30. 11/ She sometimes (buy) ___ vegetables at his market. 12/ Be quiet. The baby (sleep) ___. 13/ We always (do) ___ our exercises carefully. 14/ Look. A man (run) ___ after the train. He (want) ___ to catch it. 15/ It (be) ___ very cold now. 16/ John (travel) ___ to England tomorrow. 17/ I (need) ___ some money for my textbooks. 18/ Tom (like) ___ to go to the museums. 19/ Mary (love) ___ ice-cream. 20/ My mother (cook) ___ some food in the kitchen at present. She always (cook) ___ in the mornings. 21/ I often (leave) ___ the city at weekends. 22/ The guests (watch) ___ the TV programmes now. 23/ I (see) ___ you (wear) ___ your best clothes. 24/ The sun (set)___ in the west. 25/ My friend (study) ___ English for an hour every night. 26/ Listen. I (hear)___ someone knocking at the front door. 27/ I (do) ___ an exercise on the present tense at the moment and I (think) ___ that I (know) ___ how to use it now. 28/ Honesty (be) ___ the best policy. 29/ The earth (goes) ___ round the sun. 30/ Two and two (make) ___ four. 222 SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VAØ THÌ SIMPLE PAST 5
7. * Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm coøn lieân laïc vôùi hieän taïi. * Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät quaù khöù coù thôøi ñieåm roõ reät caét ñöùt vôùi hieän taïi. + CHUÙ YYÙYÙ Ù ::: (1) Thì Present Perfect thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng töø nhö : up to nownow, up to the presentpresent, so far (cho tôùi nay), not yet (vaãn chöa), for, since, ever (ñaõ töøng), never, several times (nhieàu laàn), just (vöøa), recently (vöøa môùi), lately (môùi ñaây) - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet. - We have lived here for 6 years. - The bell has just rung. (2) * Thì Simple Past thöôøng ñi vôùi nhöõng tieáng chæ thôøi gian quaù khöù xaùc ñònh nhö : yesterdayyesterday, the day before yestyesterdayerdayerday, last weekweek, last month, last yearyear, last summersummer, aaggooago.ago - We came here a month ago. - He went to the cinema yesterday. * Thì Simple Past coøn ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät chuoãi caùc haønh ñoäng keá tieáp xaûy ra trong quaù khöù. - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out. Exercise II : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the simple past tense. 1/ We (never watch) ___ that TV programme. 2/ We (wacth) ___ a good programme on TV last night. 3/ He (read) ___ that novel many times before. 4/ He (read) ___ that novel again during my last vacation. 5/ I (have) ___ a little trouble with my car last week. 6/ However, I (have) ___ no trouble with my car since then. 7/ I (not see) ___ John for a long time. I (see) ___ him 3 weeks ago. 8/ The school bell (ring) ___. We must go now. 9/ I (meet) ___ Mary last night. She (become) ___ a very big girl. 10/ He is very thirsty. He (not drink) ___ since this morning. 11/ It is very hot. Summer (come) ___. 12/ They (study) ___ at this school for 7 years now. 6
8. 13/ They (begin) ___ to study at this school 7 years ago. 14/ Since when (you know) ___ her ? 15/ How long ago (he start) ___ to learn French ? 16/ She (lose) ___ her handbag on the train yesterday morning. 17/ My mother (be) ___ in hospital for a long time and she cannot go home yet. 18/ His dog (just run) ___ out of the garden. 19/ Mr Brown (travel) ___ by air several times in the past. 20/ He (travel) ___ to Mexico by air last summer. * 3. SO SAÙNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VAØ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ keát quaû cuûa moät tình traïng ôû hieän taïi ( the result of the present state ), moät vieäc xaûy ra trong quaù khöù khoâng roõ thôøi ñieåm, laäp ñi laäp laïi nhieàu laàn vaø keùo daøi ñeán hieän taïi. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hieän Taïi Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ söï tieáp dieãn cuûa moät haønh ñoäng ( the continuity of an action ) cho tôùi hieän taïi. - I have been waiting ffoorrfor two hours, but she has not come yet. - He has been living here since 1975. - We have been working in the garden aallllall morning. + Thì Present Perfect Continuous coøn ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc ñoäng töø nhö : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay - They have been learning English since 1995. - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages. Exercise III : Put the verbs in brackets in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. 1/ I (try) ___ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) ___ yet. 2/ She (read) ___ all the works of Dickens.How many (you read) ___ ? 3/ I (wait) ___ here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think she (forget) ___ to come ? 4/ Mary (rest) ___ in the garden all day because she (be) ___ ill. 7
9. 5/ Although John (study) ___ at the University for 5 years, he (not get) ___ his degree yet. 6/ Jack (go) ___ to Switzerland for a holiday. He (never, be) ___ there. 7/ We (live) ___ here for the last six months, and (just, decide) ___ to move. 8/ That book ( lie) ___ on the table for weeks. You (not read) ___ it yet ? 9/ He (not be) ___ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) ___ since then. 10/ He (lose) ___ his books. He (look) ___ for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) ___ yet. 11/ She (work) ___ so hard this week that she (not have) ___ time to go to the cinema. 12/ Your hair is wet. (You swim) ___ for a long time ? 13/ Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive)___ cars for six years. 14/ You look very tired. (You work) ___very hard ? 15/ The phone (ring) ___ for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) ___ it yet. Exercise IV : Put the verbs in brackets in the present tenses. 1/ I (be) ___ sorry. I (forget) ___ that fellow’s name already. 2/ Jack (look) ___ forward to his vacation next June. 3/ I (have) ___ no trouble with my english lessons up to now. 4/ Mr and Mrs Brown (be) ___ in New York for 2 months. 5/ Michael (work) ___ 38 hours a week. 6/ At present, that author (write) ___ a novel. 7/ George (do) ___ good work in this class so far. 8/ The weather( generally, get) ___ hot in July . 9/ You must wake her up. She (sleep) ___soundly for 10 hours. 10/ Listen! I (think) ___ someone (knock) ___ at the front door. 11/ How long (you learn) ___ English? 12/ That student (know) ___ all the new words very well now. 13/ Alice (lose) ___ her Vienamese-English dictionary. 8
10. 14/ Fred (just, graduate) ___ from Oxford University. 15/ The earth (circle) ___ the sun once every 365 days. 16/ That grandfather clock (stand) ___ there for as long as I can remember. 17/ That brown briefcase (belong) ___ to Dr.Rice. 18/ Jim (work) ___ on his report this year. 19/ Robert (wait) ___ for you since noon. 20/ That museum (stand) ___ here for ceturies. 21/ The sun (get) ___ very hot during the afternoon. 22/ Tom (buy) ___ a new car next week. 23/ The boys and girls (go) ___ home after this lesson. 24/ Davis (play) ___ football every afternoon. 25/ Up to the present, we (write) ___ almost every lesson in this book. * 44 4. SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST VAØ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quaù Khöù Ñôn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng ngaén (thình lình) xaûy ra trong quaù khöù. - I met him in the street yesterday. + Thì Past Continuous (Quaù Khöù Tieáp Dieãn) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi trong quaù khöù töông öùng vôùi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc cuõng trong quaù khöù. - I met him while he was crossing the street. - She was going home when she saw an accident. + Thì Past Continuous coøn dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng keùo daøi taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù hoaëc hai haønh ñoäng lieân tieáp song song vôùi nhau. - My father was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night. - I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV. Exercise V : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past continuous tense. 1/ He (sit) ___ in a bar when I (see) ___ him. 2/ When I (go) ___ out, the sun (shine) ___. 3/ The light (go) ___ out while I (have) ___ tea. 4/ When it (rain) ___ , she(carry) ___ an umbrella. 5/ We (walk) ___ to the station when it (begin) ___ to rain. 9
11. 6/ He (teach) ___ English for 2 months when he (live) in Germany and (work) ___ as a journalist. 7/ The house (burn) ___ fast, so we (break) ___ the window to get out. 8/ He (eat) ___ three sandwiches while you (talk) ___ to him. 9/ The servant (drop) ___ two cups while she (wash up) ___ last night; neither of them (break) ___. 10/ While I (write) ___ a letter, the telephone (ring) ___; as he (go) ___ to answer it, he (hear) ___ a knock on the door; the telephone (still, ring) ___ while he (walk) ___ to the door, but just as he (open) ___ it, it (stop) ___. * 5. SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST VAØ THÌ PPPASTPAST PERFECT + Thì Past Perfect ((Quaù Khöù Hoaøn Thaønh) duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra tröôùc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc cuõng trong quaù khöù (past action). - When he had finished his work, he went home. - By the time I arrived at the station, the train hadhad gonegone. + Thì Past Perfect coøn dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra tröôùc moät ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù. - By 10 o’clock last night, I had gone to bed. Exercise VI : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect ttenseenseense. 1/ They (go) ___ home after they (finish) ___ their work. 2/ He (do) ___ nothing before he (see) ___ me. 3/ He (thank) ___ me for what I (do) ___ for him. 4/ I (be) ___ sorry that I (hurt) ___ him. 5/ After they (go) ___ , I (sit) ___ down and (rest) ___. 6/ When I (arrive), the dinner (already, begin) ___. 7/ My friend (not see) ___ me for many years when I (meet) ___ last week. 8/ He (learn) ___ English before he (leave) ___ for England. 9/ In England, he soon (remember) ___ all he (learn) ___. 10/ They (tell) ___ him they (not meet) ___ him before. 10
12. 11/ He (ask) ___ why we (come) ___ so early. 12/ She (say) ___ that she (already, see) ___ Dr. Rice. 13/ By the time Bill (get) ___ there, the meeting (start) ___. 14/ When we (arrive) ___ at our place, we (find) ___ that a burglar (break) ___ in. 15/ Almost everybody (leave) ___ for home by the time we (arrive) ___. * 6. SO SAÙNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VAØ THÌ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quaù Khöù Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn) duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc cuûa haønh ñoäng tröôùc khi moät haønh ñoäng quaù khöù khaùc xaûy ra. Haõy so saùnh : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes. (Haønh ñoäng had been studying xaûy ra lieân tuïc cho tôùi khi haønh ñoäng came for classes xaûy ra). - She had studied English before she came for classes. (Haønh ñoäng had studied chaám döùt tröôùc haønh ñoäng came for classes) Vaø haõy so saùnh : - It had been raining when I got up this morning. (Möa ñaõ döùt khi toâi thöùc daäy.) - It was raining when I got up this morning. (Möa vaãn coøn khi toâi thöùc daäy.) Exercise VII : Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple or the past perfect continuous tense. 1/ I (ask) ___ him what he (do) ___. 2/ Tom (be) ___ tired. He (run) ___ for an hour. 3/ Although he (go) ___ to the doctor for 6 months, he (not, feel) ___ any better. 4/ The telephone (ring) ___ for 5 minutes before it (be) ___ answered. 5/ They (tell) ___ me you (live) ___ in London before the war. 6/ The poor man (wait) ___ for 6 hours before he (be) ___ brought into the room. 11
13. 7/ By noon that day, we (drive) ___ for 5 hours. 8/ The robber who (watch) ___ him running to the tree (sit) ___ down under its branches and (begin) ___ to attack him. 9/ I (ask) ___ her what she (do) ___ since she (arrive) ___ in England. 10/ She (tell) ___ me that she (study) ___ English literature. * 7. SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE VAØ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Future (Töông Lai Ñôn) dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra (coù hoaëc khoâng coù thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû töông lai); coøn thì Future Continuous (Töông Lai Tieáp Dieãn) dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng lieân tieán taïi ñieåm thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû töông lai. - He will go to the stadium next Sunday. - We will / shall have the final test. Haõy so saùnh : - I will eat breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vaøo luùc 6 giôø saùng mai, toâi seõ baét ñaàu duøng böõa ñieåm taâm.) - I will be eating breakfast at 6 o’clock tomorrow. (Vaøo luùc 6 giôø saùng mai, toâi seõ ñang duøng böõa ñieåm taâm.) + Trong caùc meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ thôøi gian (adverb clause of time) hay meänh ñeà ñieàu kieän (adverb clause of condition), thì SimpleSimple Present ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá cho thì Simple Future. - I shall not go until I sseeeesee him. - If he comes tomorrow, he will do it. + Chuù yù : WILL coøn ñöôïc duøng cho taát caû caùc ngoâi. Exercise VIII : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present or the simple future tense. 1/ We (go) ___ out when the rain (stop) ___. 2/ I (stay) ___ here until he (answer) ___ me. 3/ Wait until I (catch) ___ you. 4/ I (be) ___ ready before you (count) ___ ten. 5/ John must eat his breakfast before he (go) ___ out. 6/ Miss Helen (help) ___ you as soon as she (finish) ___ that letter. 7/ He (tell) ___ you when you (get) ___ there. 8/ She (not come) ___ until you (be) ___ ready. 9/ He (tell) ___ you when you (ask) ___ him. 12
14. 10/ I (come) ___ and (see) ___ you before I (leave) ___ for England. * 8. SO SAÙNH THÌ FUTURE PPERFECTERFECT VAØ THÌ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Future Perfect (Töông Lai Hoaøn Thaønh) ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ moät haønh ñoäng seõ hoaøn thaønh tröôùc moät haønh ñoäng khaùc trong töông lai hay moät ñieåm thôøi gian ôû töông lai. - The taxi will have arriarrivedved by the time you finish dressing. - By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for 5 years. + Ñeå nhaán maïnh tính lieân tuïc cuûa haønh ñoäng, chuùng ta duøng thì Future Perfect Continuous (Töông Lai Hoaøn Thaønh Tieáp Dieãn). - By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia. - By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years. Exercise IX : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, present perfect or future perfect tensetense 1/ I’ll wait until he (write) ___ his next novel. 2/ When you (come) ___ back, he (already buy) ___ a new house. 3/ Don’t come until I (finish) ___ lunch. 4/ I (hope) ___ it (stop) ___ raining by 5 o’clock this afternoon. 5/ The river (not begin)___ to rise until some rain (fall)___. 6/ I (stay) ___ here until you (finish) ___ your work. 7/ By next month, I (leave) ___ for India. 8/ He (finish) ___ his work before you (leave) ___. 9/ Before you (go) ___, they (leave) ___ the country. 10/ The meeting (finish) ___ by the time we (get) ___ there. Exercise X : Put the verbs in brackets in the simple present, simple future, future cccontinuouscontinuous or future perfect tense. 1/ We (send) ___ you a telegram as soon as we (arrive) ___ in London. 2/ When George (come) ___ this afternoon, he (bring) ___ his friends. 13
15. 3/ I (speak) ___ to you about that matter after the meeting tonight. 4/ By the time you (receive) ___ this letter, we (cross) ___ the Atlantic Ocean. 5/ By this time next week, you (meet) ___ my boyfriend, Ali. 6/ I (wait) ___ for you right here when you (come) ___ out of the building. 7/ She (wait) ___ for you at 5 o’clock this afternoon. 8/ I (give) ___ it back as soon as he (want) ___ it. 9/ I (not move) ___ from here until you (get) ___ back. 10/ They (not come) ___ home until they (see) ___ everything. Exercise XI : Supply the correct tense. 1/ They (just decide) ___ that they (undertake) ___ the job. 2/ We (go) ___ to the theatre last night. 3/ He usually (write) ___ in green ink. 4/ She (play) ___ the piano when our guests (arrive) ___ last night. 5/ We (do) ___ an English exercise at the moment. 6/ She (just come) ___ in and (see) ___ you in 5 minutes. 7/ I (come) ___ as soon as my work is finished. (You be) ___ ready ? 8/ Where (you go) ___ for your holiday last year ? 9/ I (not leave) ___ Paris since we (go) ___ to Dieppe three years ago. 10/ My mother (come) ___ to stay with us next weekend. 11/ We (meet) ___ only yesterday and (already decide) ___ to get married. 12/ I (never see) ___ snow. 13/ Violets (bloom) ___ in spring. 14/ We (not live) ___ in England for the last two months. 15/ I (lose) ___ my keys; I cannot remember where I last (see) ___ them. 16/ He (not arrive) ___ when I (write) ___ my last letter to you. 14
16. 17/ Whenever you (go) ___ to town nowadays, you (spend) ___ a lot of money. 18/ I (never forget) ___ what you (just tell) ___ me. 19/ They (prepare) ___ the Christmas dinner today. 20/ When I last (stay) ___ in Cairo, I (ride) ___ to the Pyramids on a camel that my friend (borrow) ___ the day before. 21/ I (finish) ___ the book before my next birthday. 22/ “Hello! (You make) ___ a cake ? 23/ He (walk) ___ very quickly when I (meet) ___ him yesterday. 24/ We (meet) ___ you tomorrow after you (finish) ___ your work. 25/ Yesterday I (buy) ___ a new watch as my old one (be) ___ stolen. Exercise XII : Supply the correct tense. 1/ He said he (be) ___ sorry he (give) ___ me so much trouble. 2/ I am sorry that I (not know) ___ you (leave) ___ your pipe when you (come) ___ to see me last Thursday. 3/ He (be) ___ so good to me when I was a boy that to this day I (not forget) ___ his kindness, and I hope that I (never forget) ___. 4/ He (sleep) ___ and (not understand) ___ what you (say) ___ to him. He (wake) ___ if you (speak) ___ louder. 5/ Some animals (not eat) ___ during the winter and only (come) ___ out in spring. 6/ After leaving school he (study) ___ French in Paris for two years and then (move) ___ to America, where he now (live) ___. He (visit) ___ England once or twice and (know) ___ English well; but (not have) ___ yet the opportunity of visiting European countries. 7/ I (know) ___ him for a very long time. 8/ When my friend Tom grows a beard, even his closest friends (not recognize) ___ him. 9/ When I (meet) ___ him in the street, he (go) ___ to the pictures. 10/ I (study) ___ English for six years now. 15
17. 11/ I expect he (leave) ___ for France as soon as he (get) ___ a visa. 12/ He (visit) ___ his friend yesterday and (find) ___ that he (be) ___ out. 13/ They (sell) ___ all the dresses before we (get) ___ there. 14/ After she (work) ___ at the hospital for two years, she (decide) ___ to give up the job. 15/ He will come at once because I (tell) ___ him by phone that you (need) ___ him urgently. I’m sure he (find) ___ his way easily although he (never visit) ___ this house before. 16/ By the time you get back, I (finish) ___ all my correspondence and then I (can help) ___ you with yours. 17/ In a few minutes’ time, when the clock (strike) ___ six, I (wait) ___ here for an hour. 18/ He (know) ___ her a long time before he finally (get) ___ married to her. 19/ I hope it (not rain) ___ when the bride (leave) ___ the church. 20/ I (tell) a lie if I said that I (like) ___ you. 21/ They (intend) ___ to go there next week; but now they (find) ___ they (not have) ___ enough money. 22/ When he grew old he often (think) ___ of all the things he (do) ___ when he (be) ___ young. 23/ When we (go) ___ to see them last night, they (play) ___ cards; they (say) ___ they (play) ___ since six o’clock. 24/ This is the second time you (break) ___ a cup; you (break) ___ one yesterday. My last servant (never break)___ anything, and you (break) ___ nearly half the things in the house. 25/ I always (tell) ___ you to comb your hair, but you never (do) ___ what I (say) ___ . EXERCISE XIII : Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. 1/ Mrs Reed (turn) ___ on the radio in her car while she (drive) ___ home yesterday. She (listen) ___ to some music when she suddenly (hear) ___ a siren. She (look) ___ in her mirror and (see) ___ an ambulance behind her. She immediately (pull) ___ her car to the side of the road and (wait) ___ for the ambulance (pass) ___. 16
18. 2/ My mother (call) ___ me around 5 o’clock. My husband (come) ___ home a little after that. When he (come) ___ home, I (talk) ___ to my mother on the phone. 3/ Next month I (have) ___ a week’s vacation. I (plan) ___ to take a trip. First I (go) ___ to Madison, Wisconsin to visit my brother. After I (leave) ___ Madion, I (go) ___ Chicago to see a friend who (study) ___ at a university there. She (live) ___ in Chicago for three years, so she (know) ___ her way around the city. She (promise) ___ to take me to many interesting places. I (never, be) ___ in Chicago, so I (look) ___ forward to going there. 4/ Yesterday John (eat) ___ breakfast at 8:00. He (already, eat) ___ breakfast when he (leave) ___ for class at 8:45. He (always, eat) ___ breakfast before he (go) ___ to class. I (usually, not eat) ___ breakfast before I (go) ___ to class. But I (usually, get) ___ hungry about midmorning. Tomorrow before I (go) ___ to class, I (eat) ___ breakfast. 5/ Last year, I (go) ___ mountain climbing for the first time. It was exciting and terrifying at the same time. We (move) ___slowly and carefully, and it (take) ___ three days to get to the top. When we climbed onto the summit, we (find) ___ another group of climbers. They (arrive) ___ several hours ahead of us. They (have) ___ dinner and listening to Beethoven. We (laugh) ___ and they (invite) ___ us to join them. The climb (be) ___, to say the least, an unforgettable experience. 6/ The weather (be) ___ terrible lately. It (rain) ___ off and on for two days, and the temperature (drop) ___ at least twenty degrees. It (be) ___ in the low 40s right now. Just three days ago, the sun (shine) ___ and the weather was pleasant. The weather certainly (change) ___ quickly here. I never know what to expect. Who knows ? When I (wake) ___ up tomorrow morning, maybe it (snow) ___. 7/ A taxi driver (drive) ___ along a street when he suddenly (black out) ___ and lost control of his vehicle. The taxi (plunge) ___ into a nearby river. A hawker, who (see) ___ the accident, rushed from his coffee stall and (dive) ___ into the water. He (have) ___ to swim twenty five metres before he could get to the taxi. The taxi driver (try) ___ to wind down the window. The hawker reached into the taxi for the safety-belt. After he (release) ___ the safety-belt, he pulled the driver out through the partially open window. At the hospital, the driver (say) ___ that the black out might (cause) ___ by his high blood pressure condition. 17
19. 8/ Marie Curie, the Polish-born chemist, was a courageous and determined woman. She (leave) ___ her home for Paris to pursue her interest in science. Living in poverty, she still (manage) ___ to graduate at the top of her class. She (meet) ___ Pierre Curie shortly after graduation and (marry) ___ him a year later. Together, Pierre and Marie (form) ___ the most famous husband-and- wife partnership in science history. They (discover) ___ the radioactive elements, Polonium and Radium. They (award) ___ the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. 18
20. Baøi 2 : CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN (Conditional SentencSentence)e)e)e) Moät caâu ñieàu kieän coù hai meänh ñeà : meänh ñeà chæ ñieàu kieän (töùc meänh ñeà phuï) coøn ñöôïc goïi laø meänh ñeà coù if (IfIfIfIf clauseclauseclause) vaø meänh ñeà chæ keát quaû coøn ñöôïc goïi laø meänh ñeà chính (mainmain clause). - If he works harder , he will succeed in his examination. (if-clause) (main clause) Chuùng ta cuõng coù theå ñaët meänh ñeà chính ôû ñaàu caâu : - He will succeed in his examination if he works harder. Trong tieáng Anh coù 3 loaïi caâu ñieàu kieän chính : TypeTTT ype I : ÑIEÀU KIEÄN COÙ THEÅ XAÛY RA ÑÖÔÏC (probableprobable conditioncondition) 1/ YÙ nghóa : Loaïi ñieàu kieän naøy duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät söï vieäc coù theå xaûy ra hoaëc khoâng theå xaûy ra ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai; nhöng chuùng ta coù nhieàu hy voïng noù xaûy ra. 2/ Thì cuûa ñoäng töø : If- clause MainMain clause Simple future Simple present (shall / will + verb) - If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk. - He will come if you call him. * Ngoaøi ra chuùng ta coøn coù theå duøng caùc khieám khuyeát ñoäng töø nhö : CAN, MUSTMUST, MAY ñeå thay cho shall hoaëc will ôû meänh ñeà chính. - If you ask me, I ccaanncan help you. - You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam. * Meänh ñeà chính coù theå laø moät meänh leänh hoaëc thænh caàu : - Come to me if you need help. - If you have time, perfect your English. * Type II : ÑIEÀU KIEÄN KHOÂNG COÙ THAÄT ÔÛ HIEÄN TAÏI. (Present(Present unreal ConCon) 1/ YÙ nghóa : Loaïi ñieàu kieän naøy dieãn taû moät ñieàu kieän khoù coù theå xaûy ra hay moät söï vieäc khoâng thöïc hieän ñöôïc ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai. 2/ Thì cuûa ñoäng töø : If-clause Main clause Past Subjunctive Present Conditional 19
21. (Quaù khöù giaû ñònh) ( Should / would + verb) - If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming. (= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming) - If Tom were here, he would know the answer. (= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.) - I would call him if I knew his number. (= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him) * Quaù khöù giaû ñònh laø hình thöùc quaù khöù ñôn cuûa caùc ñoäng töø ngoaïi tröø ñoäng töø “to be” chæ coù moät hình thöùc WERE cho taát caû caùc ngoâi. * COULDCOULD, MIGHTMIGHT coù theå ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá cho should hay would. - If John worked hard, he could pass his exam. * Type III : ÑIEÀU KIEÄN KHOÂNG COÙ THAÄT ÔÛ QUAÙ KHÖÙ. (PastPastPast unrealunreal Condition) 1/ YÙ nghóa : Loaïi ñieàu kieän naøy duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät ñieàu kieän hoaøn toaøn khoâng thöïc hieän ñöôïc hoaëc khoâng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù. 2/ Thì cuûa ñoäng töø : If-clause Main clause Perfect Conditional Past perfect (Should/ would have + past participle) - If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house. - I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday. * “IfIfIfIf” coù theå ñöôïc löôïc boû ñi neáu coù söï ñaûo ngöõ (thöôøng ñöôïc duøng trong hình thöùc nhaán maïnh). - Were I rich, I would help you. (= If I were rich, I would help you.) - Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry. (= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry) * Ngoaøi lieân töø “if” ra, caâu ñieàu kieän coøn ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng caùc lieân töø khaùc nhö : supposesuppose, supposing that (giaû söû nhö), on the condition thatthat (vôùi ñieàu kieän laø), asasas long as, so long as, provided that (mieãn laø), in case (trong tröôøng hôïp) , even ififif ( ngay cho laø) - As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure. * Hai tieáng coù nghóa phuû ñònh : unless (tröø phi), but for (neáu khoâng) - He won’t come unless you call him. (= He won’t come if you don’t call him.) 20
22. - But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier. EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences , using conditional clauses. 1/ I (do) if I (have) time. I will do it if I have time . (type 1) I would do it if I had time . (type 2) I would have done it if I had had time . (type 3) 2/ If she (not try), she (not succeed). - ___ - ___ - ___ 3/ If I (see) her, I (tell) her. - ___ - ___ - ___ 4/ (You do) it if I (ask) you ? - ___ - ___ - ___ 5/ If I (be) ill, I (stay) at home. - ___ - ___ - ___ 6/ What (you do) if the bus (not come). - ___ - ___ - ___ 7/ I (be) sorry if she (leave). - ___ - ___ - ___ 8/ I (not stay) in this job if I (can find) another one. - ___ - ___ 21
23. - ___ 9/ They (get) wet if it (rain). - ___ - ___ - ___ 10/ It (not bite) you unless you (move) - ___ - ___ - ___ 11/ We (go) out unless it (stop) snowing. - ___ - ___ - ___ EXERCISE II: Put the verbs in brackets in correct tenses. 1/ If I (have) ___ a typewriter, I could type it myself. 2/ If I had known that you were in hospital , I (visit) ___ you. 3/ You could make much progress if you (attend) ___ class regularly. 4/ If I (know) ___ his telephone number, I would give it to you. 5/ If you (arrive) ___ ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat. 6/ If he (study) ___ harder, he can pass an exam. 7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) ___. 8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) ___ him. 9/ If you (speak) ___ more slowly,he might have understood you. 10/ What (you do) ___ if you got fat ? Exercise III : Supply the correct verb tense. 1/ If you are kind to me, I (be) ___ good to you. 2/ He (come) ___ if you waited. 3/ If you (ring) ___ the bell, the servant would come. 4/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) ___ him. 5/ If it (not, rain) ___ a lot, the rice crop wouln’t grow. 6/ If today (be) ___ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work. 7/ If she had had your address, she (write) ___ to you. 22
24. 8/ We lost the match. If you (play) ___ for us, we (win) ___. 9/ So long as you return the book by Saturday, I (lend) ___ it to you with pleasure. 10/ They would not be paid unless they (do) ___ their work well. 11/ Provided he (not, be) ___ interrupted, he can finish the work on time. 12/ If it (be) ___ convenient, let’s meet at three o’clock. 13/ If I became very rich, I (build ) ___ a hospital for the poor. 14/ If he (give) ___ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well again. 15/ He (not, have) ___ an accident if he had not been driving so fast. 16/ If she (write) ___ more carefully, she might not have made too many mistakes. 17/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) ___. 18/ Did she have more practice, she (speak) ___ English better. 19/ Had I known that she was sick, I (visit) ___ her. 20/ Supposing World War III (happen) ___, human civilization (be) ___ destroyed. EXERCISE IV : Put “if” or “unless” into these spaces. 1/ ___ we hurry, we’ll miss the bus. 2/ Will you phone me ___ you come to England ? 3/ ___ you see Jane, ask her to contact me. 4/ You’ll never pass your exam ___ you don’t work harder. 5/ Liverpool won’t win ___ they begin playing better. 6/ ___ you forget our address, you can find it in the phone book. 7/ You won’t pass your driving test ___ you drive more carefully. 8/ He’ll be ill ___ he doesn’t stop worrying so much. 9/ We’ll go to the beach tomorrow ___ it’s raining. 10/ We’ll never get there on time ___ the train leaves soon. EXERCISE V : Use “if” in place of “unless” 1/ We won’t go out unless it stops raining. -___ 2/ I will call the police unless you give back my bicycle. -___ 23
25. 3/ You wouldn’t be able to do this exercise unless your English were good. -___ 4/ Unless we had enough rain, we couldn’t grow rice. -___ 5/ The fishermen couldn’t have caught a lot of fish unless they had had good nets. -___ 6/ I wouldn’t buy it unless I could afford it. -___ 7/ I would refuse to go unless they paid my expenses. -___ 8/ I don’t agree with his economic policy. I wouldn’t vote for him unless he changed it. -___ 9/ He wouldn’t have written unless he had heard news. -___ 10/ You might not have a terrible toothache unless you went to the dentist regularly. -___ EXERCISE VI : The following sentences are first, second or third conditional. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form. 1/ We wanted to go out yesterday but the weather was terrible. If it (be) hhaaddhad been a nice day, we (go) would have gone for a picnic. 2/ Why don’t you explain everything to him ? If you (not tell) ___ him the truth, I’m sure you (regret) ___ it one day. 3/ Mary was here not long ago. If you (come round) ___ earlier, you (see) ___ her. 4/ Apparently, the ferry company are planning to close the port in this town. If that (happen) ___, the town (lose) ___ a great deal of money. 5/ I (help) ___ you with it if I (have) ___ more time but I’m afraid I haven’t got any spare time at all at the moment. 6/ The government is expecting to win the next election, but if it (lose) ___, the Prime Minister (resign) ___ from politics. 7/ I am so glad that you took me to your friend’s party. If we (not go) ___ there, I (never meet) ___ Kate Winset. 24
26. 8/ It’s ridiculous that trains are so expensive. If fares (be) ___ cheaper, I’m sure more people (use) ___ the train and leave their cars at home. 9/ If she (get) ___ that job she’s applied for, she (be) ___ delighted. And I think she’s got a good chance of getting it. 10/ Fortunately the explosion took place at night when the streets were empty. It (be) ___ a disaster if it (happen) ___ in the middle of the day. 11/ The talks between the two leaders keep breaking down. If they (break down) ___ again, it is possible that there (be) ___ a war between the two countries. 12/ If Alison (know) ___ anything about car mechanics, I’m sure she (help) ___ us fix the car, but I think she knows even less than we do. 13/ They’ve been married for twenty years now but I don’t think she (marry) ___ him if she (know) ___ what a selfish man he was. 14/ Children spend too much time watching television and playing computer games. I’m sure they (be) ___ happier if they (spend) ___ more time playing outside. 15/ James has everything he wants but he’s always moaning. I’m sure that if I (have) ___ so much money, I (not moan) ___ all the time. EXERCISE VII : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses. Model : a/ My brother will have enough money. He will buy a bicycle. →→→ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle. b/ She can’t speak English. She won’t apply for the job. →→→ If she could speak English she would apply for the job. c/ He wasn’t here. He didn’t have a lot of fun. →→→ If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun. 1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree. → ___ 2/ I don’t have enough money. I can’t go on a long holiday this year. → ___ 3/ He is very slow, so we won’t give his such an important task. → ___ 4/ I’ll have to work this Sunday, so I shan’t join your picnic. → ___ 5/ He works overtime to get more money because he has to pay father’s debt. → ___ 6/ City life isn’t enjoyable because everything is very expensive. 25
27. → ___ 7/ There are industrial factories inside the city, that’s why pollution can’t be reduced. → ___ 8/ Everything on the earth grows well because the sun always shines. → ___ 9/ There is a grammar error in this English composition, that’s why it can’t get a full mark. → ___ 10/ I don’t have a typewriter. I can’t type it myself. → ___ 11/ I’ll buy a new hat. I’ll give it to you. → ___ 12/ You’ll ask the teacher. He’ll explain the lesson to you. → ___ 13/ Mary doesn’t see the sight. She can’t tell you about that. → ___ 14/ I don’t know his address. I can’t give it to you. → ___ 15/ He didn’t look a lot better because he didn’t shave more often. → ___ 16/ She was ill. She didn’t go to work. → ___ 17/ It was raining all morning. We didn’t go out. → ___ 18/ He was tired. He made a mistake. → ___ 19/ Peter didn’t write to me. I didn’t write to him. → ___ 20/ You didn’t ask Alice. She didn’t tell you the truth. → ___ Baøi 3 : THEÅ THUÏ ÑOÄNG (THE PASSIVE VOICE) * Theå chuû ñoäng (active voice) laø caùch ñaët caâu maø chuû töø ñoùng vai troø chuû ñoäng. - Mr. Brown wrote the report yesterday. - He has already finished his homework. 26
28. * Theå thuï ñoäng (passive voice) laø caùch ñaët caâu maø chuû töø ñoùng vai troø bò ñoäng. - That house was built 100 years ago. - Those windows are painted blue.
    Passive sentence : S + be + past participle 1/ Haõy quan saùt ví duï sau : * Active : Tom broke the chair yesterday. S V O * Passive : The chair was broken by Tom yesterday. SSS be + P.P bbyyby doer 2/ Ghi nhôù: Caùch ñoåi moät caâu töø active sang passive : * Laáy tuùc töø (O) trong caâu chuû ñoäng xuoáng laøm chuû töø (S) trong caâu thuï ñoäng. * Nhaän xeùt xem ñoäng töø chia trong caâu chuû ñoäng ôû thì naøo, ta chia TO BE ôû thì ñoù roài vieát ñoäng töø chính ôû daïng quaù khöù phaân töø (p.p). * Laáy chuû töø (S) trong caâu chuû ñoäng xuoáng laøm doer trong caâu thuï ñoäng, nhôù vieát BY ngay ñaèng tröôùc. * Traïng töø giöõ nguyeân khoâng ñoåi vaø thöôøng ñaët cuoái caâu (neáu laø traïng töø chæ thôøi gian). 3/ Moät vaøi ví duï khaùc : + (aaaa) simple present : [Subject+Subject+ am / is / are + P.P ] - Mr.Green teaches history.
    History is taught by Mr.Green. + (bbbb) present perfect : [ S + has / have + been + p.p ] He has just done his homework.
    His homework has just been done by him. + (cccc) present continuous : [ S + am / is / are / + being + p.pp.p] - She is cleaning the windows.
    The windows are being cleaned by her. + (dddd) simple past : [ S + was / were + p.pp.p] - The boss sacked ten workers.
    Ten workers were sacked by the boss. + (eeee) past perfect : [ S + had been + p.pp.p] - Mary had written the letter. 27
29. 
    The letter had been written by Mary. + (ffff) Past continuous : [ S + was / were + being + p.pp.p] - The police were questioning Tom.
    Tom was being questioned by the police. + (gggg) simple future: [ S + will / shall + be + p.pp.p] - John will deliver the letter.
    The letter will be delivered by John. + (hhhh) Modal verbs : [ S + must / can / may + be + p.pp.p] - He must do it right now.
    It must be done by him right now. + (iiii) special structures : [ S + is / are going to + bebe + p.p] - The engineers are going to build the bridge.
    The bridge is going to be built by the engineers. ( coøn aùp duïng vôùi caùc caáu truùc khaùc nhö : have to, had to, used to, ought to ) + (jjjj) 2 objects : - They gave mmeeme a present yesterday.
    III was given a present yesterday(by them).
    A present was given to me yesterday(by them). (Neáu sau BY laø them / people / someone / somebody ta coù theå boû ñi) + (kkkk) perception verb with bare infininfinitiveitive : [ S + be ––– p.p + to inf ] - I never hear him shout at his children.
    He is never heard to shout at his children. + (llll) perception verb with present partciple : [ S + bebe ––– p.p + VV inging ] - I ssaawwsaw the boy coming into the room.
    The boy was seen comcomingiinngging into the room. + (mmmm) With ‘make’ : [ S + be ––– made + to inf ] - They made me dododo it.
    I was made to do it. + (nnnn) With ‘let’ : [ S + be ––– let + bare inf ] - They lleettlet him dododo it.
    He was let do it. 28
30. + (oooo) With ‘begin or start’: [ S + begin / start + to be + p.p ] - They began to build the house in 1980.
    The house began to be built in 1980. + (pppp) With “say, report, rumour ’: - People ssaayysay that prevention is better than cure.
    It is said that prevention is better than cure.
    Prevention is said to be better than cure. ( caùch ñoåi naøy ñöôïc aùp duïng cho caùc ñoäng töø nhö: SAY, REPORT, THINK, BELIEVE,BELIEVE, RUMOUR RUMOUR ) + (qqqq) caâu meänh leänh : [ Let + O + be ––– p.p ] - Open the door, please.
    Let the door be opened , please. EXERCISE I : Supply the correct ttenseense and voice. 1/ Everyone (shock) was shocked by the news yesterday. 2/ Almost everyone (enjoy) enjoyed the lecture last night. 3/ English (speak) ___ all over the world. 4/ A terrible accident (happen) ___ right here at 6 o’clock last night. 5/ Mr. Smith (teach) ___ at this university since 1985. 6/ Not much (say) ___ about the matter since last week. 7/ He (borrow) ___ the money from her two weeks ago. 8/ A new textbook (publish) ___ by that company next year. 9/ Everything (go) ___ well so far. There (be) ___ no trouble yet. 10/ Who the book (write) ___ by ? 11/ Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) ___ his name. 12/ The report (examine) ___ now. EXERCISEXERCISEE II : Turn into the passive voice. 29
31. 1/ He is running his own restaurant. - ___ 2/ The secretary opens the mails every morning. - ___ 3/ The teacher doesn’t allow me to take the seat by the window. - ___ 4/ Tom’s absence worried his mother. - ___ 5/ They are building a new school in this town. - ___ 6/ You should finish the report right now. - ___ 7/ We shall discuss the matter in the afternoon. - ___ 8/ Are you going to post this letter ? - ___ 9/ He has to pay the bills before the fifth of the month. - ___ 10/ No one has opened that box for the past hundred years. - ___ 11/ The boy screamed while the dentist was pulling out one of his teeth. - ___ 12/ The enemy used to attack the bay. - ___ 13/ The fire has destroyed many houses. - ___ 14/ The children are carrying the chairs into the house. 30
32. - ___ 15/ They awarded him the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1946. - ___ 16/ We saw him leave the office at 6 o’clock this morning. - ___ 17/ My parents didn’t let me go to school this morning because I was ill. - ___ 18/ You ought to water these plants once a week. - ___ 19/ People saw her driving a car near the bridge. - ___ 20/ They said that he was the richest man in the town. - ___ 21/ Scientists began to carry out researches on AIDS in 1981. - ___ 22/ The boy knew that they were praising him. - ___ 23/ Everybody believed that he had died of lung cancer. - ___ 24/ They hadn’t built the bridge when we first came here. - ___ 25/ I can assure you that I will arrange everything in time. - ___ EXERCISE III : Change to the active voice. 1/ Progress in science is being made day after day. - ___ 2/ The palace was designed by a French architect. 31
33. - ___ 3/ The road in front of my house has been paved. - ___ 4/ You can see that the dishes haven’t been washed. - ___ 5/ Our salaries will not be increased this year. - ___ 6/ Wasn’t that theatre built two years ago ? - ___ 7/ The problem may be discussed again. - ___ 8/ My brother has been offered a well-paid job. - ___ 9/ It is reported that the war started again in South America. - ___ 10/ I was told that I was going to be appointed manager of this company. - ___ EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences. 1/ People don’t learn a foreign language in a short time. - ___ 2/ Did anyone ask any questions about me ? - ___ 3/ Henry wrote that book years ago, didn’t he ? - ___ 4/ I wasn’t introduced to any of the guests. - ___ 5/ What sort of research are they doing in the laborotary ? - ___ 32
34. 6/ You should place matches out of reach of children. - ___ 7/ People say that inflation is getting out of control. - ___ 8/ We’ll have finished all the work by the weekend. - ___ 9/ I heard her singing very beautifully. - ___ 10/ Scientists started discovering the universe thousands of years ago. - ___ 11/ Nothing can be gained without effort. - ___ 12/ The robbers forced the bank manager to hand over the money. - ___ 13/ They let us go. - ___ 14/ The police stopped Tom on the highway and made him show his I.D card. - ___ 15/ Write your address on the back of the cheque. - ___ 16/ Where did your child find the keys ? - ___ 17/ Some people think he is a dangerous criminal. - ___ 18/ They will have to sign these documents. - ___ 19/ The workers are going to pull down that old building. - ___ 33
35. 20/ No one told me the truth. - ___ EXERCISE V : More exercises on Passive voice. 1. Yes No questions : a. Do they teach English here ? - ___ b. Will you invite her to your wedding party ? - ___ c. Did the teacher give some exercises ? - ___ d. Is she going to write poem ? - ___ e. Have they changed the window of the laboratory ? - ___ f. Is she making big cakes for the party ? - ___ g. Has Tom finished the work ? - ___ h. Are the police making inquires about the thief. - ___ i. Must we finish the test before ten ? - ___ j. Will buses bring the children home ? - ___ 2. Wh questions : a. Why didn’t they help him ? 34
36. - ___ b. How many games has the team played ? - ___ c. Where do people speak English ? - ___ d. Who are they keeping in the kitchen ? - ___ e. How can they open this safe ? - ___ f. What books are people reading this year ? - ___ g. How did the police find the lost man ? - ___ h. Who looked after the children for you ? - ___ i. How long have they waited for the doctor ? - ___ j. What time can the boys hand in their papers ? - ___ 3. Sentences with two Objects : a. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books. - ___ b. Someone will tell him that news. - ___ c. They had sent enough money to these poor boys. - ___ d. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote. - ___ 35
37. e. They paid me a lot of money to do the job. - ___ 4. Sentences with verb of reporting : a. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number. - ___ b. They rumoured that man was still living. - ___ c. They declared that she won the competition. - ___ d. They know that English is an international language. - ___ e. People think that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure. - ___ f. They say that John is the brightest student in class. - ___ g. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack. - ___ h. They think that he has died a natural death. - ___ i. They reported that the troops were coming. - ___ j. People believed that the earth stood still. - ___ 5. Sentences with verbs “Continue and Begin” : a. We’ll continue to use this computer. - ___ 36
38. b. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantations. - ___ c. People can continue to enjoy natural resources. - ___ d. People will continue to drink Coca - Cola in the 21 st century. - ___ e. American people begin to love football. - ___ 6. Sentences with Phrasal verbs : a. They gave up the research after three hours. - ___ b. Someone should look into the matter. - ___ c. Don’t speak until someone speaks to you. - ___ d. A neighbour is looking after the children. - ___ e. Your story brings back pleasant memories. - ___ 7. Sentences with verbs of Perception : a. I have heard her sing this song several times. - ___ b. People saw him steal your car. - ___ c. The teacher is watching them work. - ___ d. He won’t let you do that silly thing again. 37
39. - ___ e. People don’t make the children work hard. - ___ f. They made him work all day. - ___ g. The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag. - ___ h. The terrorists made the hostages lie down. - ___ i. Police advise drivers to use an alternative route. - ___ j. She helps me to do all these difficult exercises. - ___ 8. Sentences of order : a. Open your book. - ___ b. Take off your hat. - ___ c. Don’t do that silly thing again. - ___ d. Let’s tell them about it. - ___ e. Don’t let the other see you. - ___ 9. Sentences with Advise, Beg, Order, Urge, Agree, Decide, ” : a. She advised me to sell that house. 38
40. - ___ b. They begged us to help them. - ___ c. He orders us to clean the floor. - ___ d. He recommends me to do the job. - ___ e. She urges him to visit her parents as soon as possible. - ___ 10. Some special sentences : a. It is dangerous for us to take the short cut. - ___ b. You need to have your hair cut. - ___ c. Smoke filled the room. - ___ d. You must see it to believe it. - ___ e. He wants someone to take some photographs. - ___ f. He likes people to call him “Sir”. - ___ g. It’s your duty to do this work. - ___ h. We enjoy writing letters. - ___ i. Nobody has slept in this room for long time. - ___ 39
41. j. You ordered me about and I was tired of it. - ___ Baøi 4 : MEÄNH ÑEÀ QUAN HEÄ (RELATIVE CLAUSES) Meänh ñeà quan heä laø meänh ñeà ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng caùc ñaïi töø quan heä (relative pronouns) nhö : who, whom, which, whose, that. - The man who met me at the airport gave me the money. Trong caâu treân, meänh ñeà “ who met me at the airport” laø meänh ñeà quan heä trong ñoù “whowhowho” laø ñaïi töø quan heä ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá tieàn vò töø (antecedent) “ the man ” vaø meänh ñeà coøn laïi “The man gave me the money” laø meänh ñeà chính. 1/ Haõy xem caùc ví duï : 40
42. - The man gave me the money. He met me at the airport.
    The man who met me at the airport gave me the money. - This is the man . We saw him at the party yesreday.
    This is the man whom we saw at the party yesterday. - The pencil belongs to me. It is in your pocket.
    The pencil which is in your pocket belongs to me. - The car is very expensive. He bought it .
    The car which he bought is very expensive. - There is the man . His wallet was stolen.
    There is the man whose wallet was stolen. - The tree should be cut down. The branches of the tree are dead.
    The tree whose branches are dead should be cut down. 2/ Caùch duøng ñaïi töø quan heä: Chuû töø (subject) Tuùc töø (object) Sôû höõu (possessive) For people (Chæ ngöôøi) Who / that whom / who / that whose For things, animals (chæ vaät, thuù vaät) Which / that which / that whose Thoâng thöôøng ta coù theå duøng that ñeå thay theá cho whowho, whom hoaëc which. - The man that met me at the airport gave me the money. - This is the man that we saw at the party yesterday . - The pencil that is in your pocket belongs to me. - The car that he bought is very expensive. 3/ Phaân loaïi : Ta caàn phaân bieät meänh ñeà quan heä laøm hai loaïi : meänh ñeà xaùc ñònh (defining relative clause) vaø meänh ñeà khoâkhoângng xaùc ñònh (non-defining relative clause) : (*) Defining clause :(hoaëc Restrictive clause) - The man who met me at the airport gave me the money. Ta goïi meänh ñeà who met me at the airport laø meänh ñeà quan heä xaùc ñònh vì noù raát caàn thieát ñeå ñònh nghóa hoaëc giaûi thích cho tieàn vò töø the manman. Neáu khoâng coù noù, töø the man seõ raát mô hoà vaø ta khoâng bieát ngöôøi ñaøn oâng ñoù laø ai. - The book (which / that) you lent me is very interesting. - The man (whom / that) you met yesterday is coming to my house for dinner. (*) NonNon definingdefining clause : (hoaëc Non-restrictive clause) - Shakespeare, who wrote “Romeo and Juliet”, died in 1616. Ta goïi meänh ñeà who wrote “Romeo and Juliet” laø meänh ñeà quan heä khoâng xaùc ñònh vì noù chæ boå tuùc theâm nghóa cho tieàn vò töø ShakespeareShakespeare neân duø coù boû ñi meänh ñeà naøy 41
43. thì nghóa cuûa caâu vaên vaãn roõ raøng. Meänh ñeà quan heä khoâng xaùc ñònh thöôøng ñöôïc ngaên caùch bôûi daáu phaåy (tröôùc vaø sau meänh ñeà) vaø khoâng ñöôïc duøng that ñeå thay theá cho whowho, whom hay which. - My brother Jack, who came here last night , is an engineer. - That house, which was built a few months ago , doesn’t look modern. - Vietnam, which lies in Southeast Asia, is rich in coal. Meänh ñeà quan heä khoâng xaùc ñònh ñöôïc duøng khi tieàn vò töø laø tieáng ñöôïc xaùc ñònh : thöôøng laø danh töø rieâng chæ ngöôøi hay ñòa danh (Mr. Brown, Vietnam ), hoaëc danh töø ñi vôùi caùc tính töø chæ ñònh (this, that ) hay tính töø sôû höõu (my, his, her, their ) hoaëc do ta töï qui ñònh laáy. - A man, who said he knew my father , asked me for money. 444/4/ where, when vaø why trong meänh ñeà quan heä : - That is the village in which I used to live.
    That is the village where I used to live. - Sunday is the day on which most people rest.
    Sunday is the day when most people rest. - There must be a reason for which you said that.
    There must be a reason why you said that. InInIn (on / at) which ( place )
    where OOnnOn (in / at) which (time )
    when For which (reason )
    why Where vaø when coù theå ñöôïc duøng ñeå giôùi thieäu meänh ñeà xaùc ñònh vaø meänh ñeà khoâng xaùc ñònh. - We visited the town where I was born.( defining) - I bought them at the supermarket, where I met Mrs.Brown.( non-defining) - I saw the film last year, when I was in Paris.( non-defining) - I think that was the time when I lost all my money .(defining) Why thöôøng ñöôïc duøng trong meänh ñeà xaùc ñònh vaø thöôøng theo sau a reason hay the reason. - That is the reason why I didn’t come to the party yesterday . WhereWhere, when vaø why ñöôïc goïi laø traïng töø quan heä (relative adverbs) EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences : 1/ Have you got the money ___ I lent you yesterday ? 2/ Peter, ___ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party. 42
44. 3/ This is the machine ___ cost half a million pounds. 4/ Mary, ___ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry. 5/ Have you read the book ___ I gave you ? 6/ The house, ___ they bought three months ago, looks lovely. 7/ Mrs.Jackson, ___ had been very ill, died yesterday. 8/ Is this the person ___ stole your handbag ? 9/ The dog, ___ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking. 10/ I didn’t receive the letters ___ she sent me. 11/ My mother, ___ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised. 12/ The old man, ___ had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in the building. 13/ The horse, ___ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened. 14/ We didn’t like the secetary ___ the agency sent. 15/ I didn’t find the money ___ you said you’d left. EXERCISE II : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronpronounsouns : 1/ This is the man. I met him in Paris. - ___ 2/ I wanted the painting. You bought it. - ___ 3/ This is the chair. My parents gave it to me. - ___ 4/ She’s the woman. She telephoned the police. - ___ 43
45. 5/ He’s the person. He wanted to buy your house. - ___ 6/ We threw out the computer. It never worked properly. - ___ 7/ This is the lion. It’s been ill recently. - ___ 8/ The man was badly injured. He was driving the car. - ___ 9/ The children broke the window. They live in the next street. - ___ 10/ That’s the woman. I was telling you about her. - ___ EXERCISE III : Combine these pairs of sentences using relative pronouns: 1/ There’s the lady. Her dog was killed. - ___ 2/ That’s the man. He’s going to buy the company. - ___ 3/ He’s the person. His car was stolen. - ___ 4/ She’s the new doctor.The doctor’s coming to the hospital next week. - ___ 5/ She’s the journalist. Her article was on the front page of The Times. - ___ 6/ They’re the people. Their shop burned down last week. - ___ 7/ That’s the sales director. He’s leaving in March. 44
46. - ___ 8/ I’m the person. You stayed in my flat. - ___ 9/ That’s the boy. He’s just got a place at university. - ___ 10/ I’m the one. My flat was broken into. - ___ EXERCISE IV : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns : 1/ The man didn’t come back again. I shouted at him. - ___ 2/ The television never worked again. I dropped it. - ___ 3/ The machine was broken. I hired it. - ___ 4/ The clothes were beautiful. She bought some clothes. - ___ 5/ The wall fell down after three weeks. They built the wall. - ___ 6/ The policeman wasn’t very helpful. I asked him. - ___ 7/ I didn’t really like the car. We bought it. - ___ 8/ I lost the money. I borrowed it from John. - ___ 9/ I really liked the new teacher. They sent the new teacher. - ___ 10/ I sacked a sales assistant. I had a terrible argument with him. 45
47. - ___ EXERCISE V : Write where, whewhen,n, or why to complete these sentences.sentences. 1/ We visited the school ___ my father taught. 2/ I met her last month, ___ she came to our house. 3/ We all looked at the place ___ the fire had started. 4/ Did they tell you the reason ___ they were late? 5/ The cat sat on the wall ___ it had a good view of the birds. 6/ They arrived in the evening, at a time ___ we were all out. 7/ I couldn’t understand the reason ___ they were so rude. 8/ I met him in the cafeù ___ he was working as a waiter. 9/ I listen to music late at night, ___ the children have gone to bed. 10/ I bought them in August, ___ I was in France. EXERCISE VI : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns or adverbs. 1/ We need a room. We can study in that room. - ___ 2/ Swimming makes people strong. It is a good sport. - ___ 3/ This is Mrs.Jones. Her son won the championship last year. - ___ 4/ The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been destroyed in the explosion. - ___ 5/ He invited her to eat out on a day. It rained heavily on that day. 46
48. - ___ 6/ The house was built in 1945. They are living in that house. - ___ 7/ The reason was that he didn’t want to make her worried. He didn’t tell the truth for that reason. - ___ ___ 8/ The day was sunny. She arrived on that day. - ___ 9/ I know the woman. You bought the car from her son. - ___ 10/ Are you the man ? The man won the first prize. - ___ Baøi 5 : CAÂU TÖÔØNG THUAÄT RRREPORTEDREPORTED SPEECH Coù hai caùch thuaät laïi lôøi moät ngöôøi khaùc noiù: caùch tröïc tieáp vaø caùch giaùn tieáp. Trong caâu tröïc tieáp (direct speech), ta nhaéc laïi nguyeân vaên lôøi ngöôøi ñaõ noùi. - He said : “I have lost my pen.” Trong caâu giaùn tietieápápápáp (indrect speech) hay caâu töôøng thuaät (reported speech), ta dieãn taû tö töôûng trong caâu ngöôøi khaùc noùi maø khoâng caàn laäp laïi nguyeân vaên caâu noùi cuûa hoï. - He said that he had lost his pen. A. Caâu phaùt bieåu. (statements in reported speech) 1/ Ví duï : - He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.”
    He said that he had lost his pen that morning. - She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.”
    She told him that she would go with him the next daday.y. 2/ Ghi nhôù : muoán ñoåi moät caâu tröïc tieáp sang caâu giaùn tieáp, ta phaûi : + Giöõ nguyeân ñoäng töø giôùi thieäu said hoaëc ñoåi said to thaønh told neáu coù tuùc töø. + Boû daáu hai chaám (:) vaø ngoaëc keùp (“ ”) roài theâm lieân töø that. 47
49. + Thay ñoåi ñaïi töø nhaân xöng, tính töø sôû höõu theo qui taéc sau : Ngoâi thöù 1 ñoåi thaønh ngoâi thöù nhö chuû töø ôû meänh ñeà chính. Ngoâi thöù 2 ñoåi thaønh ngoâi thöù cuûa tuùc töø. Ngoâi thöù 3 giöõ nguyeân khoâng ñoåi. + Thay ñoåi thì cuûa ñoäng töø trong caâu tröïc tieáp baèng caùch cho luøi veà quaù khöù moät baäc. Cuï theå nhö sau : Direct speech Reported speech - simple present
    - simple past - present continuous
    - past continuous - present perfect
    - past perfect - simple past
    - past perfect - past continuous
    - past perfect continuous - present perfect cont
    - past perfect continuous - simple future
    - present conditional (should/would) - past perfect
    - unchanged (khoâng ñoåi) - perfect conditional
    - unchanged + Thay ñoåi moät soá töø chæ thôøi gian vaø nôi choán. - now
    - then - today / tonight
    - that day / that night - tomorrow
    - the following day / the next day - yesterday
    - the previous day / the day before - next week / month
    - the following week / month - last week /month
    - the week before /the month before - the day before yesterday
    - two days before - the day after tomorrow
    - in two days’ time - ago
    - before - tomorrow morning
    - the following morning - last Tuesday
    - the Tuesday before - right now
    - at once - here
    - there - this / these
    - that / those - He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.”
    He said that he would come there to take that book.book. - They said to us : “You must do this work right now.”
    They told us that we had to do that work at once. Chuù yù : * Khi caâu tröïc tieáp bieåu thò moät taäp quaùn, moät söï thaät hay moät chaân lyù thì khi ñoåi sang caâu giaùn tieáp thì cuûa ñoäng töø khoâng thay ñoåi. - The lecturer said : “The earth moves round the sun.”
    The lecturer said that the earth moves round the susu n.n.n. - The teacher said to them : “The Second World War ended in 1945.”
    The teacher told them that the Second World War endendeded in 1945. 48
50. * Khi caâu ñoäng töø giôùi thieäu ôû hieän taïi ñôn, thì cuûa ñoäng töø trong caâu giaùn tieáp khoâng ñoåi vaø caùc töø chæ thôøi gian hoaëc nôi choán vaãn giöõ nguyeân. - The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.”
    The doctor tells her that she will have to stay herheree until tomorrow. B. CAÂU HOÛI . (Questions in reported speech) 1/ Ví duï : - She said to me : “Do you like swimming ?”
    She asked me if I liked swimming. - Tom said : “Has she finished her home work ?”
    Tom wanted to know if she had finished her homeworkhomework - He asked me : “Why did you come home so late last night?”
    He asked me why I had come home so late the night before.before. - Mary said : “ What’s he doing now?”
    Mary wondered what he was doing then. 2/ Ghi nhôù : + Ñoåi said thaønh asked (coù hoaëc khoâng tuùc töø theo sau), wonderedwondered hay wanted ttooto know (khoâng coù tuùc töø). + Boû daáu hai chaám (:), daáu ngoaëc keùp (“ ”) vaø daáu chaám hoûi (?) vaø giöõ laïi question-question word (nhö what, where, howhow ) neáu laø caâu hoûi noäi dung (Wh-questions) hoaëc theâm ififif (hay whetherwhether) neáu caâu hoûi coù hay khoâng (Yes-no questions). C. CAÂU MEÄNH LEÄNH . (Commands in reported speech) 1/ Ví duï : - The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.”
    The teacher told John to go to the blackboard. - He said to them : “Don’t be late tomorrow.”
    He told them not to be late the next day. 2/ Ghi nhôù : + Ñoåi said hay said to thaønh told hay asked vaø buoäc phaûi coù tuùc töø theo sau. + Duøng tototo ñeå thay theá cho daáu hai chaám vaø ngoaëc keùp khi laø caâu meänh leänh xaùc ñònh vaø duøng not to khi laø caâu meänh leänh phuû ñònh. 49
51. Toùm taét Caâu giaùn tieáp (reported speech) Statements * S + said + (that) + clause (Caâu phaùt bieåu) * S + told + O + (that) + clause Commands * S + told + O + to infinitive (Caâu meänh leänh) * S + told + O + not + to infinitivinfinitivee * S + asked + (O) + whwh + clause WWhhWh-Wh questionsquestions * S + wondered + whwh + clause (Caâu hoûi noäi dung) * S + wanted to know + whwh + clause * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + clclauseause YesYes nono questions * S + wondered + if /whether + clause (Caâu hoûi coù khoâng) * S + wanted to know + if / whether + clause EXERCISE I : Put into the reported speech : 1/ Tom said : “I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father.” - ___ 2/ She said : “I once spent a summer in this village.” - ___ 3/ The nurse said : “The patient in this room didn’t obey your orders, Doctor.” - ___ 4/ They said to me : “You taught us English last year.” - ___ 5/ Mr.Brown said : “Our trip cost us two thousand dollars.” - ___ 6/ He said to her : “ I can’t find my hat anywhere in this room.” - ___ 7/ My father said to them : “My secretary is going to finish this job.” - ___ 8/ They said : “We can’t meet you here either today or tomorrow.” - ___ 9/ My mother said : “I think it won’t rain tomorrow.” - ___ 50
52. 10/ He said : “Your car has been stolen, John.” - ___ 11/ They said : “The river is rising early this year.” - ___ 12/ He said : “I’ll expect her to come soon.” - ___ 13/ Our teacher said : “ World War II broke out in 1939.” - ___ 14/ The students said : “ We’ll be sitting for our next exam next Monday.” - ___ 15/ He said : “ I’m going to finish this work.” - ___ EXERCISE II : Change to the reported speech: 1/ Mr. Smith said : “Where are you going on your vacation this year ?” - ___ 2/ She said : “Did the mechanis finish repairing your car ?” - ___ 3/ She said : “Why has David been looking so miserable lately ?” - ___ 4/ I asked my friend : “Was anyone hurt in the car accident last month ?” - ___ 5/ She asked me : “How old are you now ?” - ___ 6/ He said to her : “Have you been to town today ?” - ___ 7/ John said : “How long does it take you to get to London, Mary ?” 51
53. - ___ 8/ The policeman asked the little girl : “What’s your name ?” - ___ 9/ Mr. Green said to his secretary : “Who did you talk to a few minutes ago ?” - ___ 10/ Paul said : “Can you swim, Mary ?” - ___ 11/ He said : “Where can I find her in this town ?” - ___ 12/ She asked her son : “Do you know which is the cup you used ?” - ___ 13/ Helen said : “What did you say, Jack ?” - ___ 14/ She said to him : “ Why didn’t you get up early this morning ?” - ___ 15/ He said : “Will it rain tonight ?” - ___ EXERCISE III : Turn into the reported speech: 1/ The manager said : “ Come into my office, please.” - ___ 2/ The teacher said ro us : “Don’t make so much noise.” - ___ 3/ Mr.Green said : “Please come to our dinner tonight, Bill.” - ___ 4/ Susan said to Tom : “Don’t call me again at this late hour.” - ___ 5/ She said to the boy : “Show me what you have in your hand.” 52
54. - ___ 6/ The policeman ordered : “Stay where you are and don’t touch anything.” - ___ 7/ The old lady said : “Will you please water these flowers for me.” - ___ 8/ She said : “Don’t leave your coat on this chair.” - ___ 9/ She said to him : “Don’t speak to me like that and behave yourself.” - ___ 10/ Peter said : “Would you mind lending me your dictionary till next Monday.” - ___ EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences: 1/ The flight attendant said : “Don’t forget to fasten your seat belts.”
    The flight attendant reminded ___ 2/ The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.”
    The policeman ordered ___ 3/ He said : “Did you see Mary yesterday ?”
    He wanted to know ___ 4/ He said : “Would you mind telling me the time ?”
    He told ___ 5/ I said to my friend : “When did you buy your new car ?
    I asked ___ 6/ My friend said to me : “We have known everything about that.”
    My friend told ___ 7/ I wondered why there were so many people at the station that day.
    I said : “___ 53
55. 8/ The teacher asked whether we had found the solution to the problem yet.
    The teacher asked us: “___ 9/ He ordered us not to touch anything in that room.
    He said : “___ Baøi 6 : DANH ÑOÄNG TÖØ & ÑOÄNG TÖØ NGUYEÂN MAÃU ( GERUNDS & INFINITIVES ) A. DANH ÑOÄNG TÖØ : (Gerund) Danh ñoäng töø coù caáu truùc gioáng nhö hieän taïi phaân töø ( töùc laø ñoäng töø theâm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying Danh ñoäng töø, nhö teân goïi, laø ñoäng töø duøng nhö danh töø. Danh ñoäng töø chuû yeáu ñöùng ôû vò trí, vaø thöïc hieän chöùc naêng, cuûa moät danh töø trong caâu. Noù thöôøng ñöôïc : 1/ Duøng laøm chuû töø : (subject) - Swimming is good for our health. - Being friendly will bring you friends. 2/ Duøng laøm tuùc töø cho ñoänñoängg töø : (object of a verb) - These boys like swimmingswimming. - My brother practises speaking English every dayday. 3/ Duøng laøm boå ngöõ cho chuû töø : (subject complement) - My hobby is swimmingswimming. - Seeing is believingbelieving. 4/ Duøng laøm tuùc töø cho giôùi töø : (object of a preposition) - He is fond of swimmingswimming. - She is interested in learning EnglishEnglish. 5/ Duøng trong caâu ngaên caám ngaén (short prohibition) hoaëc ñeå thaønh laäp danh töø keùp (compound noun) - No smoking. - No talking , please. - a s wimming pool. - a d ining room. - a w ashing machine. 6/ Duøng sau tính töø sôû höõu : - Please forgive my coming late. 54
56. - His driving carelessly often causes accidents. 7/ Duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø vaø moät soá caùch dieãn ñaït nhaát ñònh nhö : admit, advise, avoid, coconsider,nsider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish,finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no - We enjoy listening to music. - I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes. B. ÑOÄNG TÖØ NGUYEÂN MAÃU : (Infinitive) Ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu thöôøng coù giôùi töø ttooto ñöùng tröôùc ( to do, to learn, to help, to advise ) vaø ñöôïc duøng trong nhöõng tröôøng hôïp sau : 111/1/ Laøm chuû töø (subject), tuùc töø (object) hoaëc bboåoå ngöõ (complement) trong caâu : - To conceal the truth from her was foolish. - He wanted to become a spaceman. - What he asked for is to be left alone. 2/ Laøm tính töø boå nghóa cho danh töø : - He was the first man to leave the room. - English is an important language to master. 3/ Laøm traïng töø dieãn taû caùc noäi dung sau : * Muïc ñích cuûa haønh ñoäng. - He went to the station to meet her. - He bought a dictionary to study English. * Keát quaû, haäu quaû. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv) - She is too tired to go for a walk. - The box was too heavy for her to carry. * Hieäu quaû. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH) - I’m strong enough to carry that heavy box. - He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi. 4/ Duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø nhaát ñònh nhö : afford, agagree,ree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like - They promised to come back soon. - He can’t afford to take a taxi. vaøvaø duøng sau moät soá ñoäng töø cocoùùù tuùctuùc töøtöø (verb(verb ++ objobj ++ toto inf)inf) nhönhö : advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn 55
57. - They don’t allow us to smoke in the office. - I taught myself to play the guitar. + Chuù yù : Moät soá ñoäng töø coù theå theo sau bôûi danh ñoäng töø hoaëc ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu nhöng coù söï khaùc bieät veà nghóa trong caâu. (*) Remember + gerund : nhôù laïi vieäc ñaõ thöïc hieän. - I remember posting the letter. Remember + to infinitive : nhôù ñeå thöïc hieän. - I remember to post the letter. (*) Stop + gerund : ngöng thöïc hieän vieäc ñang laøm. - She stopped mending the dress. Stop + to infinitive : ngöng laøm moät vieäc gì khaùc ñeå laøm vieäc naøy. - He stopped to have a drink. (*) Try + gerund : thöû laøm vieäc gì . - I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better. Try + to infinitive : coá gaéng laøm vieäc gì. - They tried to work as hard as they could. (*) Mean + gerund : mang yù nghóa. - Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year. Mean + to infinitive : döï ñònh laøm vieäc gì. - He means to take the coming exam. (*) Forget + gerund : queân ñieàu gì ñaõ xaûy ra. - I forgot telling her this story. Forget + to infinitive : queân laøm ñieàu gì. - I forgot to tell her about this. (*) Regret + gerund : hoái tieác vieäc ñaõ xaûy ra. - She regrets going to a village school. Regret + to infinitive : hoái tieác seõ laøm vieäc gì. - The party was great. He regretted not to go there. C. ÑOÄNG TÖØ NGUYEÂN MMAÃUAÃU KHOÂNG “TO”. (Bare Infinitive) Ñaây laø ñoäng töø nguyeân theå khoâng ñi keøm vôùi tototo (infinitive without to) vaø ñöôïc söû duïng trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau : 1/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø khieám khuyeát (Modal verbs) nhö : can, could, may, might, must, ought to - You may go now. - They must finish the work by now. 2/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP - I helped the child tidy his desk. 56
58. - He had a painter paint the gate. - They let him enter the room without a ticket. - My parents make me go to bed early. 3/ Duøng sau BUT, EXCEPT vôùi nghóa “ngoaïi tröø” - Why don’t you do anything but complain? - She agreed to do everything but help him with the homework. 4/ Duøng sau caùc ñoäng töø chæ giaùc quan nhö : see, watch, hear, notice, obserobserve,ve, spot - We heard them sing all morning. - He saw the thief enter the hall. Chuù yù : nhö ta ñaõ bieát hieän taïi phaân töø (present participle) coù theå ñöôïc duøng cho caùc ñoäng töø treân ñeå dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang tieáp dieãn. Coøn ñoäng töø nguyeân theå duøng trong tröôøng hôïp naøy chæ haønh ñoäng ñaõ hoaøn taát. - I watched them playing football for a while. (traän ñaáu vaãn ñang tieáp dieãn) - I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toaøn boä traän ñaáu) EXERCISE I : Supply the correct form of the verbs : 1/ Could I (see) ___ Mr. Brown, please ? 2/ He told me (try) ___ (come) ___ early. 3/ I wanted her (learn) ___ English. 4/ Will you (help) ___ me (move) ___ this desk ? 5/ Please (let) ___ me (know) ___ your opinion. 6/ Would you like (paint) ___ your bike or should I (have) ___ a painter (do) ___ it for you ? 7/ He warned me (not come) ___ late. 8/ There’s no (tell) ___ what might (happen) ___. 9/ Did you (see) ___ Tom (try) ___ (reach) ___ the top of the dresser ? - He’s too short (reach) ___ it. 57
59. 10/ We had to (ask) ___ the students (stop) ___ (make) ___ so much noise. 11/ I can’t understand his (want) ___ (buy) ___ such an expensive car. 12/ I couldn’t stand (be) ___ alone in the dark room. 13/ They don’t want us (mention) ___ their (come) ___ late. 14/ You must remember (lock) ___ the door before (leave) ___ the house. 15/ After (get) ___ (know) ___ her at school, he finished by (ask) ___ her address. EXERCISE II : Use the correct verb form : 1/ The children are busy (collect) ___ shells on the beach. 2/ The teacher promised (help) ___ us (prepare) ___ for the examination. 3/ We regret (say) ___ that the lecture was dull and wasn’t worth (listen) ___ to. 4/ There’s no (deny) ___ that he enjoys (listen) ___ to his own voice. 5/ Is (boil) ___ or (fry) ___ the best way of (cook) ___ this fish ? 6/ It’s no use your (ask) ___ him (lend) ___ you any money. 7/ Can you manage(finish) ___ (write) ___ these reports by yourself ? 8/ He advised me( consider) ___ all the facts before (decide) ___ (accept) ___ the job. 58
60. 9/ They refused (allow) ___ us (go) ___ in without (sign) ___ the book. 10/ My uncle used to (show) ___ me where (go) ___ and what (buy) ___. 11/ There’s nothing like (walk) ___ as a means of (keep) ___ fit. 12/ Your doctor advised (go) ___ to bed early, so I really can’t understand your (want) ___ (stay) ___ up late. 13/ We considered (give) ___ her a dress for her birthday, but couldn’t help (buy) ___ her some flowers, too. 14/ There’s nothing (be) ___ done about it now except (tell) ___ the police the truth. 15/ I remember (hear) ___ him (say) ___ the grass needed (cut) ___. 16/ Would you mind (keep) ___ quiet for a moment ? I’m trying (fill) ___ in a form. - It’s no use (ask) ___ children (keep) ___ quiet. They can’t help (make) ___ noise. 17/ The miser spent all his time (count) ___ his money and (think) ___ up new hiding places. He kept (move) ___ it about because he was terrified of (be) ___ robbed. He used to (get) ___ up at night (make) ___ sure it was still there. 18/ They don’t allow (smoke) ___ in the auditorium; they don’t want (risk) ___ (set) ___ it on fire. 19/ Would you like me (turn) ___ down the radio a bit ? - No, it’s all right. I’m used to (work) ___ with the radio on. 20/ We couldn’t help (laugh) ___ when he was making fun of himself. EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences. 1/ Would you close the door, please ? 59
61. - Would you mind ___ ? 2/ They didn’t allow us to smoke in here. - They didn’t let ___. 3/ My teacher advised buying that book. - My teacher advised us ___. 4/ The thief forced the bank manager to lie on the ground. - The thief made ___. 5/ He has studied English for six years. - He began ___. 6/ It is necessary to master English. - Mastering ___. 7/ He spent two hours writing the essay. - It took ___. 8/ He is too young to ride a motorbike. - He isn’t ___. 9/ The bag was so heavy that she couldn’t carry it upstairs. - The bag was too ___. 10/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible. - He is looking forward ___. Baøi 7 : CAÙC HÌNH THÖÙC NHAÁN MAÏNH (FORMS OF EMPHASIS) A. NHAÁN MAÏNH ÑOÄNG TÖØ. Ñeå nhaán maïnh ñoäng töø trong caâu xaùc ñònh, ta ñaët DO hoaëc DOES (neáu ôû thì hieän taïi ñôn) vaø DID (neáu ôû quaù khöù ñôn) tröôùc caùc ñoäng töø ôû daïng nguyeân maãu khoâng coù TO. 60
62. - I did see him at the airport yesterday. - I know that you don’t expect me to go; but I do go. - He does wish he could speak English fluently. Ñeå cho caâu meänh leänh trôû neân lòch söï hôn hoaëc thuyeát phuïc hôn, ta duøng DO tröôùc caùc caâu meänh leänh. - Do help me, please. - Do be careful when you cross the road. Trong caâu phuû ñònh, ta ñaët NOT sau ñoäng töø hoaëc duøng NEVER tröôùc DO, DOES, DID. - I know not anything about that. - They succeeded not in their scheme although they tried very hard. - She never does help her friends. - I never did hear anything like that before. Trong caâu meänh leänh phuû ñònh, ta ñaët YOU giöõa DON’T vaø ñoäng töø. - Don’t you forget it. - Don’t you speak to me like that. B. NHAÁN MAÏNH MOÄT TÖØ, MOÄT CUCUÏMÏMÏM TÖØ,TÖØ, MOÄTMOÄT MEÄNHMEÄNH ÑEÀ.ÑEÀ. Ta duøng caáu truùc “It + is / was + + that ” ñeå nhaán maïnh moät töø (word), moät cuïm töø (phrase) hay moät meänh ñeà (clause). Neáu meänh ñeà chính ôû hieän taïi, ta duøng “It is . that ”; coøn neáu meänh ñeà chính ôû quaù khöù, ta duøng “It was that ” . - It was Mr.Brown that I met at the theatre yesterday. (nhaán maïnh moät töø) - It was at the theatre that I met Mr.Brown yesterday. (nhaán maïnh 1 cuïm töø) - It was because it rained heavily that we couldn’t go to the lecture. (1 meänh ñeà) - It is the smoke from that factory chimney that pollutes the air. C. NHAÁN MAÏNH BAÈNG CAÙCH ÑAÛO NGÖÕ. (Inversion of subject and verb) Hình thöùc ñaûo ngöõ thöôøng ñöôïc duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh khi : 1/ Ñöa traïng töø phuû ñònh (neg(negativeative adverbs) hay cuïm töø töông ñöông (equivalentequivalents)s) ra ñaàu caâu. Thöôøng laø nhöõng töø nhö : hardly, scarcely, no longer, never, never before, seldom, rarely, nowhere, in no circumstances, on no account, not until, not only but also, no sooner than than - Never have I seen such a wonderful thing. - Seldom does she help her friends. - Nowhere else can he find so many happy people. - Rarely did he smile at me. 61
63. 2/ Ñöa ONLY, SO, MANY A TIME, SUCH ra ñaàu caâu. - Only then did she realize her mistakes. - So big was the liner that it couldn’t enter the harbour. 3/ Xoùa lieân töø IF trong caâu ñieàu kieän. - Had I met you before, we could have been friends. - Were I rich, I would travel around the world. - Did I know him better, I would give him some advice. 4/ Ñöa traïng töø chæ nôi choán (adverb of place) ra ñaàu caâu keát hôïp vôùi caùc ñoäng ttööøøtöø chæ söï chuyeån ñoäng nhö : lie, stay, stand, sit, come, move, go (Trong tröôøng hôïp naøy khi ñaûo ngöõ ta khoâng duøng caùc trôï ñoäng töø.) - On the top of the hill stands a village school. - By his side sat his faithful dog. - Near the church lies an old ruined cottage. - There comes the train. EXERCISE I : Emphasize the underlined verbs : 1/ Everyone says I work hard; I work hard. - ___ 2/ He promised to write to me, and he sent me a letter. - ___ 3/ Tom doesn’t like getting up early. - ___ 4/ Ask me if you want anything. - ___ 5/ We don’t like English grammar, but we want to learn English. - ___ 6/ Bring John with you the next time you come. - ___ 7/ I saw a tall man, but I didn’t see his face. - ___ 8/ He tries to learn although you think he doesn’t. - ___ 62
64. 9/ Don’t do that again or I’ll call the police. - ___ 10/ He didn’t say much, but what he said was important. - ___ EXERCISE II : Give emphasis to the underlined words, phrsaes or clauses : 1/ I paid a visit to Ha Long Bay in 1966. - ___ 2/ The Socialist Republic of Vietnam came into being on July 2, 1976. - ___ 3/ Mr. Green went to work in spite of his bad cold. - ___ 4/ When I left for work this morning, it was raining hard. - ___ 5/ I want to see the manager ; I don’t want to see his assistant. - ___ 6/ The flight was put off because the weather was too bad. - ___ 7/ I met Mary at the party last night. - ___ 8/ The words do not matter so much as the way you say them. - ___ 9/ They couldn’t solve this serious problem. - ___ 10/ Did you start the flight or was it someone else ? - ___ EXERCISE III : Put the underlined words or phrases at the front position : 1/ He has never in his life been so happy. - ___ 2/ He managed to pass the examination only by hard work . - ___ 3/ I had hardly got into the bathroom when the telephone rang. 63
65. - ___ 4/ The ball went over the fence and into our neighbour’s garden. - ___ 5/ The doctor was so angry that none of the nurses dared to say a word. - ___ 6/ I can’t explain the situation in another way. - ___ 7/ He had no sooner arrived than he began to make trouble. - ___ 8/ We have made real progress only within the last fifty years. - ___ 9/ If the union were to call a strike, the situation would become very difficult. - ___ 10/ This instrument is not only expensive but also useless. - ___ EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the follfollowingowing sentences : 1/ We have never seen such a clean and tidy house before.
    Never before ___ 2/ Rarely does she come to see me now.
    She ___ 3/ He didn’t realize he had lost his wallet until he got home.
    Not until ___ 4/ My father no longer works for this company.
    No longer ___ 5/ So suspicious did he become that he didn’t believe whatever she had said.
    He ___ 6/ Not only did he refuse to help me but he also made fun of me.
    He ___ 7/ This switch mustn’t be touched on any account.
    On no account ___ 8/ They know little about it. 64
66. 
    Little ___ 9/ A great castle stood directly in front of them. - In front of them ___ 10/ Were I in your place, I would refuse his invitation.
    If ___ 11/ We met him just a moment ago.
    It was just ___ 12/ Many a time did he tell her that he loved her.
    He ___ 13/ An enormous frog sat on the grass.
    On ___ 14/ Please turn down the radio.
    Do ___ 15/ She wanted to buy a blue hat.
    She did ___ Baøi 8 : MEÄNH ÑEÀ SAU WISH CLAUSES AFTER WISH Ñoäng töø WISH thöôøng ñöôïc duøng ñeå dieãn taû lôøi ao öôùc khoâng theå naøo xaûy ra ñöôïc ôû quaù khöù, hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai. A. Present wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + past simple * yù nghóa : Dieãn taû lôøi ao öôùc traùi vôùi hieän taïi. - I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. (= I don’t have enough time ) - They wish they didn’t have to go to class today. (= They have to go to class ) - He wishes he was rich. (= He is not rich.) 65
67. B. Past wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + past perfect * yù nghóa : Dieãn taû lôøi ao öôùc traùi vôùi quaù khöù. - I wish that I had gone to the cinema last night. (= I didn’t go to the cinema.) - She wishes she had been here yesterday. (= She wasn’t here yesterday.) C. Future wish : S1 + wish + (that) + S2 + could / would + verb * yù nghóa : Dieãn taû lôøi ao öôùc khoâng theå naøo xaûy ra ôû töông lai. - We wish you could come to the party tonight. (= You can’t come.) - Mary wishes that she would come with us. (= She won’t come with us.) EXERCISE I : Supply the correct tense of the verbs : 1/ I wish I (be) ___ here yesterday. You all seem to have had such a good time. 2/ Tom wasn’t able to come to the party.I wish he (come) ___ to my party. 3/ He wishes he (not tell) ___ her the whole story yesterday. 4/ I wish tomorrow (be) ___ a holiday. 5/ I wish I (learn) ___ to play a musical instrument when I was young. 6/ It’s cold and I hate the cold weather. I wish it (not be) ___ so cold. 7/ I wish he (be) ___ with us now. 8/ He didn’t know anything. He wishes I (let) ___ him know earlier. 9/ I didn’t understand. I wish he (speak) ___ more slowly. 10/ I’m sorry I can’t help you. I wish I (help) ___ you. EXERCISE II : Rewrite the following sentences : 1/ He wants to make a great fortune. - He wishes ___ 2/ She won’t visit me again. - I wish ___ 3/ It was silly of me not to buy that dress. - I wish ___ 66
68. 4/ I’m sorry I told him about it. - I wish ___ 5/ John didn’t take your advice. - He wishes ___ 6/ She isn’t a millionairess. - She wishes ___ 7/ I regret going to the party last night. It was very boring. - I wish ___ 8/ He can’t swim. - He wishes ___ 9/ You’re making a lot of noise. - I wish ___ 10/ The washing machine broke down and I didn’t know how to repair it. - I wish ___ EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences using WISH : 1/ He’s sorry that he isn’t strong enough. - ___ 2/ She was disappointed that the thief had stolen the picture. - ___ 3/ I’m sorry that I don’t live near my factory. - ___ 4/ They’re sorry they didn’t book their seats. - ___ 5/ It’s pity he didn’t work hard. - ___ 6/ I’d like Tom to drive more slowly. - ___ 7/ I’m sorry I don’t know his address. - ___ 8/ He spent much money on his expensive holidays and he regretted it. 67
69. - ___ 9/ She is bored with doing the same things day after day. - ___ 10/ Tom didn’t see the game last night. He was vey sorry. - ___ Baøi 9 : MOÄT VAØI CAÁU TRUÙC THOÂNG DUÏNG (SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES) [A] : USED TO + Infinitive
    (ñaõ töøng ) chæ moät thoùi quen ôû quaù khöù - My father used to smoke a lot; but now he doesn’t any more. - When I was a little boy, I used to swim in the river. BBEEBE USED TO + VV inging / Noun
    (quen vôùi ) töông vôùi Be accustomed to - My mother is used to getting up early. - I have been useusedd to the hot weather here. [B] : BECAUSE + Clause
    (bôûi vì ) giôùi thieäu meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ nguyeân do (adverb clause of reason)â - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill . - Because the weather was bad , the flight was put off. BECAUSE OF + Phrase
    (bôûi vì ) duøng cuïm töø hoaëc danh töø sau because because ofofof (preposition) - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illnessillness. - Because of the bad weather , the flight was put off. [C] : ALTHOUGH + Clause
    (maëc duø ) giôùi thieäu meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ söï nhöôïng boä (adverb clause of concession) - They came to the concert though it was raining heavilyheavily. - Although it is a very hot day , I shall go for a walk. IN SPITE OF + Phrase
    (maëc duø )duøng cuïm töø hoaëc danh töø sau in spitespite of (((prep)( hay despite 68
70. - They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rainrain. - In spite of a hot day , I shall go for a walk. [D] : SO + Adj / Adv + THAT + Clause
    (quaù ñeán noãi ) giôùi thieäu meänh ñeà chæ chæ keát quaû (adverb clause of result) - He is sososo famous that everyone knows his name . - They discussed sososo hotly that they forgot to come to the conclusion . SUCH + (A / An + Adj + Noun) + THAT + Clause
    (quaù ñeán noãi ) - He is such a famous man that everyone knows his name . - It was such a hot discussion that they forgot to come to the conclusion . TOO + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + TO + Infinitive
    (quaù ñeán noãi khoâng ) - It is ttooootoo late to go to the movies . - The lecture was ttooootoo boring for us to listen to . - He spoke ttooootoo fast for me to understand him . [E] : SO THAT + Clause
    (ñeå ) giôùi thieäu meänh ñeå traïng töø chæ muïc ñích (adverb clause of purpose) - I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates . - The man spoke loudly so that everyone would hear him clearly . TO } IN ORDER TO} + Infinitive
    (ñeå ) giôùi thieäu cuïm ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu SO AS TO} chæ muïc ñích (Inf phrase of purpose) - I’m studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates . - So as not to be late for class , John must get up early. - We learn English to have better communication with other people . [F] : Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for someone) + TO + Inf
    (ñuû ñeå ) - The questions were easy enough for her to answer . - The teacher spoke clearly enough for us to understand him . [G] : IT + Takes / Took + SOMEONE + TIME + TO + Inf
    (ai ñoù maát bao laâu ñeå laøm vieäc gì ) - It took me five minutes to walk to the post office. - It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City. 69
71. [H] : HAVE + Object + Past Participle
    (nhôø ai laøm ) laø hình thöùc sai khieán (causative form) - Mary is going to have her hair done. - He had his car washed yesterday. [I] : IT + BE + Adj + (for someone) + TO + Inf - It is difficult for us to master a foreign language. - It is dangerous to drive too fast. [J] : AS + Adj / Adv + AS
    ( cuõng nhö ) so saùnh baèng (comparison of equality) - My book is as interesting as yours. (Quyeån saùch cuûa toâi cuõng hay nhö quyeån saùch cuûa baïn.) - He is not as (so) tall as his father. (Noù khoâng cao baèng ba noù.) - His car runs as fast as a race car. (Xe hôi cuûa noù chaïy nhanh nhö xe ñua.) Nhöng : - My house is the same height as his. (= My house is as high as his.) short AdjAdj ERER + THAN
    ( hôn ) ñaây laø daïng so saùnh hôn (comparative) cuûa tính ngaén. Tính töø ngaén laø tính töø coù moät vaàn nhö : hot, cold, sad vaø tính töø coù hai vaàn taän cuøng baèng –ow, -et, -y, er, -le nhö: narrow, quiet, happy, clever, gentle - Today is hotter than yesterday. (Hoâm nay noùng hôn hoâm qua.) - This street is narrower than that one. MORE + long Adj + THAN
    ( hôn ) ñaây laø daïng so saùnh hôn cuûa tính töø daøi, thöôøng coù töø hai vaàn trôû leân nhö : careful, beautiful, dangerous - This chair is more comfortable than that one. - She is more careful than him. Ta coù theå duøng far, much, a little, a bitbit tröôùc so saùnh hôn. - A water melon is much sweeter than a lemon. - His watch is far more expensive than mine. the short AdjAdj ESTEST
    ( nhaát) laø daïng so saùnh cöïc caáp (superlative) cuûa tính töø ngaén. - He is the oldest in his class. (Noù laø ngöôøi lôùn tuoåi nhaát lôùp) -Tom is the happiest man on earth. (Tom laø ngöôøi haïnh phuùc nhaát treân ñôøi) the MOST + long Adj.
    ( nhaát) laø daïng so saùnh cöïc caáp cuûa tính töø daøi. - His car is the most expensive. 70
72. - Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the city. Moät soá tính töø coù hình thöù so saùnh rieâng nhö : Good better best BBaaBadBa ddd worse worst Little less least Many/ much more most Far farther/further farthest/ furthest MORE + Adv + THAN
    ( hôn ) laø daïng so saùnh hôn cuûa traïng töø, tröø caùc traïng töø coù moät vaàn nhö :hard,hard, fast, early, latelate - He speaks English more fluently than she does. - She drives more carefully than he does. - He works harder than I do. the MOST + Adv
    (nhaát) laø daïng so saùnh cöc caáp cuûa traïng töø. - Among his friends, he drives the most carefully. - His car runs fastest. Nhöng so saùnh cuûa : well better best Vaø badly worse worst The MORE , the MORE
    (caøng caøng ) laø daïng so saùnh keùp (double Comparative) - The more you study, the smarter you will become. - The sooner you take medicine, the better you will feel. - The earth is getting hotter and hotter. EXERCISE A : Translate into English using “Used To” or “Be Used To” 1/ Tröôùc ñaây ngöôøi ta vaãn thöôøng nghó raèng maët trôøi di chuyeån quanh traùi ñaát. - ___ 2/ Nhöõng coâng nhaân môùi naøy ñang quen daàn vôùi coâng vieäc naëng nhoïc cuûa nhaø maùy. - ___ 3/ Tröôùc ñaây treân ñöôøng ñi hoïc toâi vaãn thöôøng ñi qua moät hieäu saùch. - ___ 4/ Baø aáy bieát raèng baø aáy khoâng coøn ñeïp nhö xöa. - ___ 5/ Chuùng toâi vaãn thöôøng soáng ôû ñoàng queâ khi coøn beù. 71
73. - ___ 6/ Caùc baïn seõ quen daàn vôùi phöông phaùp hoïc tieáng Anh môùi naøy. - ___ 7/ Tröôùc kia khoâng coù nhieàu cöûa haøng treân con ñöôøng naøy. - ___ 8/ Chuùng noù khoâng quen thöùc khuya. - ___ 9/ Tröôùc ñaây anh toâi thöôøng ñi taém bieån trong kyø nghæ heø. - ___ 10/ Ñoù laø nôi maø tröôùc ñaây gia ñình toâi sinh soáng. - ___ EXERCISE B : Change “because” to “because of” and vice versa : 1/ He was not allowed to come in because he was late. - ___ 2/ I chose Mike for the job because you recommended him. - ___ 3/ Our train was late because of the thick fog. - ___ 4/ She couldn’t sleep because of the noise. - ___ 5/ Because of his deep love for her, he can’t live without her. - ___ 6/ Everyone loves her because of her good behaviour. - ___ 7/ He was given that position because his English was good. - ___ 8/ He answered those questions perfectly because he was intelligent. - ___ 9/ They stopped working because of the hot weather. - ___ 72
74. 10/ We admired him because of his great ability. - ___ 11/ She didn’t go to class this morning because she had a bad cold. - ___ 12/ I couldn’t see anything because of the dark. - ___ 13/ The mechanic managed to repair the engine because he had experience. - ___ 14/ His health gets better and better because he does gymnastics regularaly. - ___ 15/ He said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there. - ___ EXERCISE C : Use “In spite of” in place of “Although” and vice versa : 1/ In spite of all the noise outside, the students kept on studying. - ___ 2/ Though they are poor, they are always neatly dressed. - ___ 3/ We don’t feel tired although we have walked three miles. - ___ 4/ She ate very little in spite of the delicious food. - ___ 5/ Though I am fond of music, I can’t play any musical instruments. - ___ 6/ In spite of being warned, he still got an electric shock. - ___ 7/ My grandfather is till an active man despite his age. - ___ 8/ Despite the narrow streets in that city, they drive cars. - ___ 9/ Although she is wealthy, she is not happy. 73
75. - ___ 10/ Nobody liked it though the price was low. - ___ 11/ He didn’t eat much in spite of being hungry. - ___ 12/ Although he was talented, nobody admired him. - ___ 13/ He didn’t get a promotion though his work was very good. - ___ 14/ He bought that car despite our advice. - ___ 15/ Our country will certainly become prosperous in spite of all the difficulties. - ___ EXERCISE D1 : Conmbine these pairs of sentences using “so that” : 1/ That woman was very tall. She could almost touch the ceiling. That woman was so tall that she could almost touchtouch the ceiling. 2/ This coat is very big. I can’t wear it. - ___ 3/ The coffee was so strong. She couldn’t go to sleep. - ___ 4/ That bag was very heavy. None of us could carry it. - ___ 5/ The stadium is very large. It can hold 60,000 people. - ___ 6/ Those lessons are very difficult. He can’t understand them. - ___ 7/ She was very busy. She couldn’t do the housework. - ___ 8/ The clmate was very bad. All the plants couldn’t grow well. - ___ 74